The Effects Of The Paleolithic Diet On T2d And The Results...

The Paleolithic diet, also knows as the cave man diet, the Stone Age Diet or the Hunter-Gatherer Diet, has been suggested as the way to eat to reduce many western diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) (Masharani et. Al 2015). People with T2D often have a number of metabolic anomalies, one being insulin resistance (Masharani et. Al. 2015). Below we report of studies conducted on the metabolic effects of this modern Paleolithic diet on T2D and the results from these studies. The Paleolithic diet is based on the diet our forefathers, the cavemen, supposedly consumed. The early human had a hunter-gatherer lifestyle consuming a diet consisting mainly of protein, plant sources and occasionally berries (Boyd Eaton 2006). All were eaten in their natural form and grains did not feature. Grain based foods were not a staple back then as they were inedible and toxic in their raw form and didn’t become part of the modern diet, until the Neolithic period (approximately 10.000 years ago) when the discovery that by cooking, the grains were no longer toxic. These new found carbohydrates discovered during the agricultural period became a staple of the Neolithic diet. When carbohydrates are digested they are broken down in the digestive system and released into the blood causing the blood sugar levels to rise. This in turn causes the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin will then trigger the absorption of sugar by cells either for energy use or as storage, in the

Palm Oil How It Is Impacting Our Planet - 1496 Words

Palm Oil – How It Is Impacting Our Planet Palm oil has many popular uses in the world today. Its production has also caused great concern for the impact it has on the planet, especially due to deforestation. Palm oil is a vegetable oil that comes from the fruit of the African oil palm tree and can be found in roughly 50% of packaged goods found in your local grocery store. It is the most widely produced edible oil. Oil palms were brought to South-East Asia in the early 20th century. The main demand for the industry s expansion is believed to have come from the British Industrial Revolution. At that point in time, 250,000 tons of palm oil were being exported annually from South-East Asia and today that number exceeds fifty-five million tons. The commercially grown oil palms are planted in large plantations. They can be found growing throughout Malaysia, Indonesia and other tropical countries within 10Ëš of the equator. They produce more oil than any other crop on the planet and can be harvested for up to 25 years. After this time, the trees are chopped down and replanted because the plantation workers can no longer reach the fruit bundles. Oil palms have an average annual oil output of approximately 10 tons per acre of land. A palm produces up to 12 fruit bunches each year and can contain 1000-3000 fruits. Palm oil is produced at a lower cost than other vegetable oils. Supply and demand for palm oil is increasing dramatically. While it is used in a wide variety ofShow MoreRelatedClimate Change : Environmental Agencies Essay2237 Words   |  9 Pagespoint to? Reducing fossil fuel usage. If we completely stopped all use of gas, oil, fuel, electricity et cetera, and never used them ever again, we would still exceed our carbon equivalent greenhouse gas emissions of 565 gigatons by the year 2030 just with the impact of livestock alone. 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Positioning Gender and Management †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Positioning Gender and Management. Answer: Introduction: The very word management itself means the method of dealing with or managing and controlling things and people. It is the very method of constructing and controlling the various components present within an organization. Management is the way in which the manager or the people who are in charge of the working of an organization try to implement the different goals and objectives and eventually try to accomplish the desired outcomes. Management can be termed as a the way of sketching out plans, forming policies, looking after the proper implementation of the policies in order to make sure that the working of the entire organization is taking place in the right way in order to ensure the progress of the organization. A good management system is one that focuses and analyzes the organization from both the short and long term perspectives. It is mainly aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of the organization. A management system must make sure that it is utilizing all the given resources and making the best of it. It is also responsible for managing the entire operations of the organization in such a way that the expectations of all the stakeholders, both internal and external that is the shareholders, the customers, the employees etc. There are several steps involved in forming a proper management system, they are Planning Leading Organizing Controlling Planning is the first and foremost stage where an entire plan of managing the organization is formulated. Any good management requires a properly sketched out plan in order to have an overview of how the plans and policies are to be formulated. The stage that follows is that of leading. The plans and policies that are formulated have to be properly taken forward under a proper leadership, hence a well built management plan will always need a proper leadership to propagate and prosper. The next important thing is that of organizing. Every good leader or manager must know the art of organizing all the workings of an organization. The last and perhaps the most important part of all is controlling. Each and every stage in the process of management must be properly controlled and this controlling is an all pervasive measure that must be present from the top management level to the last. While talking of management, another very commonly used term is strategic management. The most important thing that any business requires for its success is a proper strategy. The word strategy comes from the Greek word strategies which mean strength. Right from the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans, it is a known fact to people that in order to win over the battles with the enemies, one need to find out ones hidden strengths and implement them in the exact manner. A strategic business management process is not merely a simple set of rules and laws that are to be followed by the organization but it is rather a philosophical approach to business. Any and every modern day business needs to be strategically analyzed and operated. It is the duty of the top management to think strategically first and then apply those strategic thoughts into process and efforts must be made to formulate those strategies within each and every employee of the organization because the plan will were successfully only when here is the proper understanding of the plan on part of all the employees and there is also the hundred percent participation by all the employees (Schneider and Bos 2014). There is actually not any particular method or process of managing. In other words, a successful management is the result of the combined efforts of not only the managers but also the employees (Gherardi and Murgia 2014). It requires the full participation and cooperation and the overall combined efforts of each and every individual working within an organization. There are various steps of a strategic management, they are One of the important aspects of strategic management is knowing the present position at which the organization stands currently and also to clearly state the vision of the business. This can be done by clearly identifying the short as well as the long term goals of the company. The second important thing is to set the goals and objectives. Once the goals and the objectives are set, the management can allot each employee with a specific job role. While setting the goals, it must be known to the management that the goals which are to be set must be clearly defined, transparent and realistic (Day et al 2014). Another important aspect is writing a good mission statement which will clearly define the aim and the objective of the company and it will also be a short and precise explanation of what value the company wants to add in the market or how would they try to satisfy their customers (Goodman et al 2017). Some of the good examples can be the mission statement of Bourneville which says you have to earn it , which shows that the rich, creamy, dark cocoa flavor of this chocolate is so good that it is something which has be earned and not just purchased. Same is the case with Life is Good whose mission statement is spreading the power of optimism which talks about the power of spreading positivity (Taylor, Dowding and Johnson 2017). This is one of the most crucial parts of the management planning since it is in this stage that all the information is to be gathered and initiatives after to be taken that would in turn help the company to grow (Al Ariss, Cascio and Paauwe 2014). Analysis must always be on an overall basis that is it must take into account the strength as well as the weaknesses of the company. The threats and opportunities must also be recognized so that the company can utilize or work upon them and improve accordingly. This is another important part of the entire management process. For strategy formulation, the managers must utilize the resources and results available from the analysis. This enables them to know the present position of the company, the areas where the company must seek resources, what are the issues that the company is going through and how it must work to improve on them (Baldwin 2017). It is the process in which all the strategies that have been formulated are slowly enforced within the system. Each and everyone in the organization must be clearly assigned and explained with all their responsibilities and see how it suits to the overall goal (Dufrene, and Young 2014). This is also one of the most important stages of the management plan, where measures like analysis of the internal and external issues, performance measurements etc are evaluated. The work does not end just by formulating g the plan but the major part of the work lies in the evaluation and controlling part. (Barton et al 2015) A management plan can work properly, if the people that are entrusted with the charge of formulating it work properly. In other words, the manager or the leader must know his key roles and responsibilities in order to manage his employees properly. A leader or a manager must know how to wisely delegate the responsibilities that is how to complete the assignments and also the ability that is enquired to get the things done (Nancarrow et al 2013). At the same time, he must also be a good team worker and a problem solver. A manager is one who is in charge of leading an entire group of subordinates working under him. He must be aware about the fact that it the due course of the business, it is very likely to face several challenges both from the internal and the external environment and it is he who has to tactically deal with all these issues. Being a good and competent team worker is always of an added advantage because he will always have to work in a team; hence, it is the manager or the leader who will always have to inculcate the feeling of cooperation and team spirit. Apart from this, another good way to manage a company is having a good communication skill. It is of utmost importance for a manager to be clear and catchy while delivering any lectures or any new ideas or any new business plans or proposals in a board meeting. It is also one of the prime duties if a manager or a leader to make time for his employees. In other words, profit maximization should not be the only goal of a company but also the company must be very much concerned about the satisfaction of their employees as well (Huo and Boxall 2017). Another important quality that a manager must possess is a good level of patience. It is very essential on part of a manager to deal with everything with a lot of patience; he must never lose his calm, because it is the manager on whom all his subordinates depend for advice and complaints. A leader must take care of each and every issue or grievances (Latham 2014).Hence, it can be said that there is no particular best way of managing, but it is rather a combination. Reference list Al Ariss, A., Cascio, W.F. and Paauwe, J., 2014. Talent management: Current theories and future research directions.Journal of World Business,49(2), pp.173-179. Baldwin, A., 2017.Best Practices for Public Policies for Palliative Care Physical Therapy: A Critical Review of the Literature(Doctoral dissertation). Barton, C.J., Lack, S., Hemmings, S., Tufail, S. and Morrissey, D., 2015. The Best Practice Guide to Conservative Management of Patellofemoral Pain: incorporating level 1 evidence with expert clinical reasoning.Br J Sports Med,49(14), pp.923-934. Day, D.V., Fleenor, J.W., Atwater, L.E., Sturm, R.E. and McKee, R.A., 2014. Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25years of research and theory.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp.63-82. Dufrene, C. and Young, A., 2014. Successful debriefingBest methods to achieve positive learning outcomes: A literature review.Nurse Education Today,34(3), pp.372-376. Gherardi, S. and Murgia, A., 2014. What makes a good manager? Positioning gender and management in students narratives.Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal,33(8), pp.690-707. Goodman, L.M., Estfan, B., Montero, A., Kunapareddy, G., Lau, J., Gallagher, E., Best, C., Tripp, B., Moeller, M., Bolwell, B. and Stevenson, J., 2017. Improving the management of patients with low-risk neutropenic fever at the Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute.Journal of Oncology Practice,13(3), pp.e259-e265. Huo, M.L. and Boxall, P., 2017. Lean production and the well?being of the frontline manager: the job demandsresources model as a diagnostic tool in Chinese manufacturing.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources. Latham, J.R., 2014. Leadership for quality and innovation: Challenges, theories, and a framework for future research.Quality Management Journal, 21 (1),5. Nancarrow, S.A., Booth, A., Ariss, S., Smith, T., Enderby, P. and Roots, A., 2013. Ten principles of good interdisciplinary team work.Human resources for Health,11(1), p.19. Schneider, M.C. and Bos, A.L., 2014. Measuring stereotypes of female politicians.Political Psychology,35(2), pp.245-266. Taylor, P., Dowding, D. and Johnson, M., 2017. Background Pain assessment and management are key aspects in the care of people with dementia approaching the end of life but become challenging when patient self-report is impaired or unavailable. Best practice recommends the use of observational pain assessments for these patients; however, difficulties have been documented with health professionals use of these tools in the absence of additional...BMC Palliative Care,16(1), pp.1-11.

Poseidon in the Odyssey free essay sample

The Odyssey, by Homer, is the archetype of all heroic stories. In this epic poem, many of the Greek gods are involved in Odysseus journey, but not all affect him (Odysseus) in a positive way. Durring his voyage, Poseidon, the sea god, seeks revenge on Odysseus and makes sure his quest to get back home is very difficult. In book one, it is introduced that Poseidon has rage agaist Odysseus. The presenter, or muse, would sing, Yet all of the god pitied Lord Odysseus, all but Poseidon, raging cold and rough agaist the brave king till he came ashore at last on his own land (Homer, 29). Here, it is explained that many of the gods are goin to try to help Odysseus on his way, and have symphathy for him. Poseidon, on the other hand, is going to do anything in his power to stop Odysseus from going to Ithaca. In the passage of Calyso, the sea nymph (Book 5), it is again revealed that Poseidon wishes to make Odysseus suffer on the road to his homeland. We will write a custom essay sample on Poseidon in the Odyssey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After Calypso permits Odysseus to leave her island, he begins to construct a raft to sail away in. The narroration says, Odysseus builds a raft and sets sail, but the sea god Poseidon is by no means ready to allow an easy passage over his watery domain. He raises a storm and destroys the raft. (Holt, 654) By destroying Odysseus raft, it causes him to almost drown (however, with the godess Athenas help, he survives). In this scence, it is seen once more that Poseidon has gone out of his way to make the hero, Odysseus, miserable. The protaganist (Odysseus faces the monster son of the sea god in the story of the Cyclops (from book 9). Durring this passage, Odysseus comes to combat and blinds the man-beast, this is an action that enrages his father. Odysseus, however is very proud of the success of his plan. Cyclops, if ever mortal man inquire how you were put into shane and blinded, tell him Odysseus, raider of cities, took your eye! Laretes son, whose home is on Ithaca! . Here, Odysseus has given away his identity and is gloating and being cocky about his victory over the powerful gods son. The cyclops Polyphemus then prays to his father: O, hear me lord, blue girdler of the islands, if I am thine indeed ans thou art father; grant that Odysseus, raider of citites, never see his home: Laertes son, I mean, who kept his home on Ithaca. Should destiny intend that he shall see his roof again amoung his family in his fatherland, for be that day, and dark the years between. Let him loose all companions and return under strange sail to bitter days at home (Homer, 524) The cyclops asks his father to avenge him. He asks to not let Odysseus see Ithaca again. Poseidon takes this all into condsideration to make Odysseus suffer on his journey more. In the end, good defeats evil and Odysseus prevails and returns home to Ithaca with is wife, Penelope, and son, Telemachus. Poseidon made the quest back home from war very difficult for Odysseus with his antics and storms, but not impossible. The sea god took his rage out on this hero and did not pity him like other gods. All of the gods in the Odyssey feel a certain way about Odysseus, and it just so happened that Poseidon, ruler of the sea, was not on his side.

In the Mind of Psychopaths Essays

In the Mind of Psychopaths Essays In the Mind of Psychopaths Essay In the Mind of Psychopaths Essay Ravina Patel 1136613 General Psychology assignment- Wider awareness Pondering on psychopathic traits Aided by brain scans (MRI), scientists have found that psychopaths have significant brain impairments, which are decreased amount of grey matter in the brain responsible for processing empathy, moral reasoning and guilt that clearly affect their ability to feel emotions, and to react to other people’s distress. Also, other studies have linked the amygdala with psychopathic traits as this area is related to aggressive behavior. Abnormalities in other parts of the brain such as the orbitofrontal cortex have also been correlated to psychopathy, as this area is responsible for lying, irresponsibility, and lack of emotion. Brain scans have also shown that psychopaths (with mean, aggressive, rude attitude) have more activity in the part of the brain related to the expectation of rewards. Other than physical brain abnormalities, genes could also be playing a role on psychopathic behavior (monster-like behavior such as merciless killing, torturing, cannibalism, etc. . Psychopaths can also be considered as â€Å"natural born predators† as they tend to sense emotions such as fear accurately. Apart from biology, social upbringing can also be playing a role in psychopath’s lives. In fact, violent upbringing can contribute to psychopathic traits. However, psychopathic traits cannot be explained with simply one factor or another; it is a combination of biological traits, social traits, personal psychology and biochemical traits that are combined to explain psychopathic behavior. According to Dr. Robert Hare, the percentage of psychopaths in Canada goes up to 1% of the total population. One important distinction to make is that psychopaths are not necessarily murderous creatures. In fact, many of them may not even be criminals. However, people with lack of emotions, feelings, remorse or concern for other’s well being do tend to contribute to destroyed lives. Antisocial personality disorder (psychopath) is defined as â€Å"behavior outside any ethical and legal standard of society† (376). As stated in the article, the textbook confirms that the amygdala plays a key role in emotion, especially when it comes to fear and aggression (57,315). In accordance with the article, the textbook’s authors also state that psychopaths feel little distress for others and they see no wrong in their cruel behaviors toward others (376). From Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, morality in the first stages (childhood stages) is based on rewards, punishments and exchange of favors. On the conventional level, morality is based on the adherence of social rules and norms. Lastly, in the postcoventional level, individuals do the difference between what is right and what is wrong, and define morality in terms of social principles (274,275). Psychopaths do not seem to follow this path at all since their judgments are impaired with other brain abnormalities. In agreement with the article, psychopaths are not always criminals. Some may be politicians or even business people. Their impulsive behavior and lack of conscience harm people surrounding them (377). Unlike sane people, psychopaths â€Å"have abnormal low activity in the brain during stress periods† (they do not feel the pressure to perform well or whatsoever) and they have less grey matter in their frontal lobes (responsible for emotion, reasoning, and problem solving (377). In agreement with both the article and the textbook, lack of grey matter in the frontal lobe can also explain psychopath’s manipulative behaviors and impulsive acts. As stated in the article, the nurture environment plays a role in antisocial personality disorder. Abusive upbringing, anything from emotional deprivation to wrong disciplinary rules affects psychopaths (377). They also have low sense of moral development. In fact, they do not have a sharp sense of what is right and what is wrong (276). Killing and causing harm to others may not be considered â€Å"bad† from psychopaths’ judgment. Other people may be just perceived as mere objects of pleasure, or torture. The textbook and the articles basically state the same concepts of brain abnormalities to explain psychopathic behaviors. The amygdala, along with other regions of the brain can explain some cruel behaviors. Similarly, during the early stage of development of the child, some trauma such as violent upbringing can also accentuate violent behavior in the future. I found this article particularly interesting because psychopathic behaviors are not always subject to a lot of discussions. Psychopaths are hidden in society and we tend to live with them, not knowing how they can (or can’t) ruin our lives. Maybe someone close to us may present traits of a psychopath, but we ignore or deny it. I am almost fascinated by their relationship with the rest of humanity. I probably wont ever get over the fact that psychopaths are capable of doing inhuman acts and not find anything wrong to it (such as cannibalism). I used to think that psychopaths had completely different social behaviors, which made them very distinct from other people. Now I know that it is not the case. I can’t tell if someone close-minded, incapable of loving, insincere, impulsive, egocentric and harsh is dangerous or not. At some point, this feeling causes insecurity in its own environment.

Community Based Tourism and Sustainable Tourism Development Essays

Community Based Tourism and Sustainable Tourism Development Essays Community Based Tourism and Sustainable Tourism Development Essay Community Based Tourism and Sustainable Tourism Development Essay The promotion of community-based tourism has recently been discussed as a valuable method in achieving sustainable tourism development. Its benefits are easily recognized as facilitating improvements in local communities while reducing the negative social, economic, and environmental consequences of tourism development. However, community-based tourism alone cannot necessarily lead to sustainability in a given area; only with the cooperation of the local stakeholders and with the presence of organizational and/or behavioural conditions in the community. Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:735) This essay will examine the different tools used for monitoring and evaluating sustainability as it pertains to community-based tourism, and its effectiveness and limitations. A focus will be placed on the guiding principles, which include community control and empowerment, natural and cultural sustainability, and economic sustainability. (TIES, 2005) Before examining the methods used in evaluating sustainability, a definition of sustainability must be offered. According to the Berlin Declaration on Biological Diversity and Sustainable Tourism, Tourism should be developed in a way so that it bene? ts the local communities, strengthens the local economy, employs local workforce and wherever ecologically sustainable, uses local materials, local agricultural products and traditional skills. Community based tourism, then refers to local tourism developed in local communities in innovative ways by various individuals and groups, small business owners, entrepreneurs, local associations and governments. (Hatton, 1999) By incorporating community-based tourism into the evaluation of social, economic, and environmental sustainable tourism development, ideally a sustainable community centred on tourism can exist. The recent concept that communities should have ultimate power in deciding their fate and the fate of their community as it relates to tourism development, is growing in interest. As a result, tourism researchers consider community-based approaches to be a requirement for successful and sustainable tourism development. (Taylor 1995; Din 1996; So? eld 2003) By giving control over resources to the locals, this facilitates residents control of their own lives since they are more attached to the shared problems of the community and attempt to work together to mend them. Various aspects of community-based tourism include accessibility, community participation, and the wellbeing of the host community. These issues are all objectives of community based tourism in establishing sustainable tourism development and fall under the pillar of social justice; one of the three pillars of sustainability which include environmental integrity, social justice, and economic development. (Adams,2006) mendelbio. com/sustainability/index. php (picture) These aspects are measured through various tools, including but not limited to Participatory Rural Appraisal, social exchange theory, sampling, interviewing, and through surveys. A case study conducted in La Fortuna, Costa Rica, examined the local social interactional elements needed for the community to achieve sustainable tourism practices. (Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:735) By using key informant interviews and participant observation, they were able to measure community involvement and empowerment and show that these elements are possible with the establishment of community agency, the construction of local relationships that increase the adaptive capacity of people within a common locality. Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:735) The interviews conducted included open-ended questions about the communitys past and present characterization, the residents view of the community, community satisfaction, general concerns, future expectations, and tourism development. The interviews were taken by 34 individuals in the community who were knowledgeable and actively involved in the community, with no regard to social or economic statu s of interviewees. (Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:735) As well, participant observation was used, which enhances the understanding of the group being observed. (Denzin, 1989:157) The participant observation methods used, included conversations with local residents and extra-local persons knowledgeable of the community; reviewing local brochures, bulletin boards and newspapers; examination of secondary data from the National Census and Statistics Institute, university studies and Costa Ricas State of the Nation publication; attending local community meetings; and observation of daily activities. (Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:735) Through these measurements, it was concluded that sustainable tourism development could be achieved if community agency was strong and if locals maintained ownership and control of the community resources. This provides an example of successful community based tourism used in evaluating socially sustainable tourism development. However, not all attempts at community based tourism as it refers to local empowerment and control have been successful, since many limitations are present. Limitations examined in the Langkawi Islands of Malaysia, include government control in decision making processes and weaknesses of the existing participatory approach. In the Langkawi Islands in Malaysia, excessive control by the government limited the locals involvement in the decision making process. (Marzuki, 2008:327) Locals were surprisingly aware of the situation, and knew that they didnt have the opportunity to raise questions or concerns at the draft plan exhibition for new developments, and if an enquiry was made, it was likely not to be acted upon. One respondent was quoted as saying, Usually, the decision was made at the top level of administration without in-depth involvement from the local level. Even when they (government officials) went to the local level, the approach used was not effective because we were not able to be actively involved. (Marzuki, 2008:327) Another major concern in Langkawi was the weakness of the existing participatory approach. It was found that locals were only involved in the early stages of participation, and left out of the major decision making processes. Surveys and interviews that were carried out, were merely to inform the residents of changes in the community, and less about their reactions or opinions. An officer from the government department did not deny these statements, saying One of the failures was when we did the Structure Plan or Local Plan, the consultant carried out the household survey among the community and they claimed that that was public participation. That was right, but it was only a one-way communication approach. I mean the residents just filled the questionnaire without having a discussion with the consultant to draft the plan together. (Marzuki, 2008: 327) Both of these limitations demonstrate that methods were established that allowed for local participation, yet were not followed through ultimately to the final decision making process. This is seen frequently in sustainable tourism, where the initiatives and goals are established for sustainable practices to exist, but either fail to be acted upon entirely or are not completely followed through. As seen, community participation can lead to social empowerment and can work successfully in smaller communities where community agency is present, but can falter in places where government control is embedded in the culture and where existing participatory approaches are unsustainable. There are several objectives of community based tourism, as it pertains to economic sustainability of the host community including increased local economic diversity through different entrepreneurial efforts as well as increased self-reliance of the host community. These can be developed together with locals having direct access to natural resources, which would provide sustenance for the community, while at the same time, establishing self-reliance. (Shuman, 1998) This is particularly important, as global economic forces and the internationalization of markets have proven to have devastating consequences on community life. In many areas the industrial base has been wiped out and little has replaced it except a growing service sector that, at best, provides low-wage, unstable employment. (Shragge, 1997:7) With the formation of communitys of this include the Community Development Association: ADIFORT and the Association of Micro Entrepreneurs: AMITURFOR in Costa Rica. (Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:743) A balance must be made, however, with the possibilities of economic growth and the conservation of the natural environment and resources. Several objectives pertaining to the environmental sustainability of the host community include local decision making in regard to the sustainable use of resources, protection of biological diversity, stewardship of natural resources, and management of waste products. A case study on The La Ruta Moskitia Ecotourism Alliance (LARUMO Alliance) in Honduras consists of six indigenous communities which have developed local services and products within the Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve, that are 100% community owned and operated bringing all the financial benefits directly to the local community. LARUMO Alliance, 2011) Employment is separated into ecotourism enterprise groups that include well-trained operations and financial managers, guides, boat drivers, cooks, and housekeepers who earn revenue through employment and by sharing end of year profits amongst the group. (LARUMO Alliance, 2011) This is linked to environmental sustainability, as the locals earn income from local employment within tourism which in turn takes jobs away from hunting, over fishing, and extractive land practices such as slash and burn agriculture and cattle grazing. (LARUMO Alliance, 2011) This is an important aspect of community based tourism, especially for rural, resource-dependent communities, who rely heavily on the environment. Other ways LARUMO Alliance is a successful example of economic and environmental sustainable tourism development, is through supporting local conservation projects, using all natural building materials, keeping tour groups to 12 people or less, and in working to establish special use zones in the Reserve which protect the wildlife habitat. There are various ways in which economic sustainability is measured and evaluated as it pertains to community based tourism, including mapping, visualisation, and participatory GIS (geographical information systems). In the case study of Marahau, New Zealand to aid the community in future development and economic opportunities, an aerial photograph was chosen as a base map, which provided the greatest visual detail of the community area. (Hasse, Milne, 2005) Anderson et. l (2004) provided the photographs, coloured stickers, and a simple questionnaire to garner a response about the changes occurring in the community and their personal goals for future development. The research demonstrated, that the methodology was attractive to all ages, didnt require respondents to have facility in writing or speaking, was challenging but enjoyable and was an educative experience for participants and researchers alike. (Anderson et al. 1994:41) Another form of measurement, suggested by Hasse and Milne (2005) is the combination of participatory approaches with GIS, what is termed as PAGIS. Hasse and Milne (2005) believe, that There is the potential to develop more applicable participatory approaches to collecting, analysing and representing information from multiple stakeholders and combining those with the process bene? ts GIS can offer. These methods can enable local people to share, enhance and analyse their knowledge of life and conditions and to plan, act, monitor, and evaluate. (Hasse, Milne, 2005:278) By measuring economic sustainable tourism development, greater insight can be gained regarding the feelings and ideas of the local community about their future tourism development goals and in helping them achieve these goals. Measurements involved in environmental sustainable tourism development include interviews, environmental management concepts, and the establishment of conservation projects and organisations. Interviews revealed that respondents had changed their view on the environment after the introduction of tourism to the local community. According to KIs, La Fortunans appreciated nature more after interacting with tourists who came to their area for its natural environmental beauty, making locals realise what a beautiful place they come from. ( Matarrita-Cascantea, Brennan, and Luloff, 2010:747) Conservation projects followed, with the establishment of ADIFORT came water treatment plants, recycling programs in schools, and reforestation efforts. La Ruta Moskitia now provides a baseline for other communities to copy and develop the same projects and sustainable benefits that they have in Honduras. Limitations, however, are present, with the power struggles that often occur with the presence of multiple stakeholders that all possess differing opinions about community based tourism. Several limitations presented when dealing with the Sea Canoe case study involve the initial establishment of companies in Phuket and Ao Phangna by foreign expats, or farangs. In the case of Sea Canoe, for example, the high status of John Gray, a farang, have allowed the company to address local mafia intimidation, the corruption of local tourism and national park officials, and the illegal or unethical practices of several of Sea Canoes competitors (Shepherd, 2002). This is a benefit and a limitation, as it has been argued that having foreign investment and control in the community is not in the best interest of the locals if true community based tourism is to exist. As well, in interviews conducted with the owners of other sea kayaking companies, Kontogeorgopoulos discovered that the success enjoyed by Sea Canoe, a farang company, has also provoked resentment among the Thai owners and employees of Sea Canoes competitors. (Kontogeorgopoulos, 1995:14) However, with the poor backgrounds of the locals combined with their lack of power against the government and competing companies, especially minority groups such as the Malay Muslims, farang involvement has been a catalyst for positive economic sustainable development in the area; primarily with the Sea Canoe case study. This is due to the fact that the Muslim minority possess low status within mainstream Siamese society, and are therefore less willing or able to address certain problems as directly or as forcefully as the farangs have done. (Kontogeorgopoulos, 1995). This demonstrates that blurred lines exist involving what is the best method for achieving community based sustainable tourism development. Community based tourism in environmental terms has its limitations as well, with companies such as Sea Canoe who end up threatening the area and community which they are trying to protect. Sea Canoes exploitation of Ao Phangngas resources encouraged the rapid increase in the number of operators bringing tourists into the same caves and lagoons in Hong and Phanak. (Kontogeorgopoulos, 1995) By 1999, and continuing until this day, the total number of sea kayaking companies have climbed to 20, spinning off of the sole popularity and success of Sea Canoe. With competitors focusing less on safety issues and more on income from tourists, competitors carry up to 30 people per escort boat, and purchase inexpensive, spotty equipment. Kontogeorgopoulos, 1995) For example, Overcrowding and sloppy attention to safety led to tragedy in early-1997, when a guide from one of Sea Canoes early competitors was dragged under a boat and killed by its propeller. (Mecir, 2000) This is just one example of limitations that exist, when competition and greed take over medium to large communities and community agency seizes to exist. As demonstrated, the success, in terms of sustainability, for any community-based tourism initiative lies in cooperating with the local communities and empowering them to continue to grow and develop tourism, while being aware of the limitations and pitfalls that tourism can bring. With various case studies showing ample examples of successful and effective community-based tourism efforts, as well as negative implications and limitations, it is shown that sustainability can be effectively accomplished in community-based tourism only if all aspects of community based tourism development can come together. In the future, with a growing popularity in sustainability, hopefully small scale community-based tourism initiatives will be key in effectively developing sustainable tourist destinations. And in general, the most useful way of thinking about sustainability is not necessarily to think of it as an end-point, but rather as a guiding philosophy which incorporates certain principles concerning our interaction with the environment. (Holden, 2008 :162)

Philosophy of Nursing Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy of Nursing Leadership - Essay Example According to Burns (1978), transformational leadership is an approach that gears to a collective purpose in empowering one another to achieve a preferred future, transforming both the leader and the follower into a higher level. According to Kelly-Heidenthal (2003), the team is geared to work together for a collective purpose by empowering others to achieve a preferred future which is the transformation of both the leader and the follower to a higher level. According to Bennis and Nanus (1985), the goal of the team is to convert followers into leaders, and leaders into â€Å"change agents†. There are literatures that manifest the principles of this theory. The study of Kennedy and Lyndon (2008) shows that in spite of the existence of tensions in maternity care, an improvement of evidence-based practice can be resolved by the partnership of the nurse and the midwife in resolving differences in philosophies in caring, safe practice, communication and respect. Another one is the study of Silen et al (2008) wherein seeking support from the team and acceptance of the situation (compromise) will manage the nurses’ distress and dilemmas, so as to prevent its negative consequences to the quality of care.